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This article is a story about a beautiful Turkish city that was destroyed by a powerful earthquake in 1894. The city, called Istanbul, was one of the most important financial and cultural centers of the world. Statik Ve Mukavemet Mehmet Omurtag 40., or "Statistical Studies on Earthquake Disaster Relief Measures for Istanbul." This is an incredible piece of engineering from the 19th century describing how to rebuild Europe's largest city after an earthquake. In this blog post, I'm going to summarize what this book has to say and analyze it through the lens of contemporary engineering practice. It includes examples from design principals that work well today, but also some principles that haven't been implemented much since then due to advancements in technology. As our society's exposure to natural hazards continues to rise, we must be able to plan and respond in a way that accommodates similar disasters in the future.The book is written in three parts: Part one describes the earthquake. Part two describes relief efforts, and part three describes long term recovery efforts for Istanbul. The book was published in 1894 and covers the destruction of Istanbul during an earthquake on August 16, 1894 (M = 7.9). It includes statistical analysis of the damage from the earthquake and also discusses how some of Europe's largest buildings could have been designed to better withstand earthquakes. It also shows many beautiful photographs from this event taken prior to their destruction by the quake. Seismic Motion of Istanbul The city of Istanbul is located in northwestern Turkey, right on the western edge of the North Anatolian fault. This fault runs through a wide range of crustal types from continental eclogite at the Ponto-Caspian Depression to oceanic gabbro at the Troad. Both metamorphic and igneous rocks can be found in this area. Prior to 1894, Turkey had been settling along this large fault for tens of thousands of years. In fact, this area containing Istanbul had been experiencing a period of rapid growth in the years leading up to the earthquake because it was attracted so many immigrants from all over Europe who were interested in trading with local merchants. Population growth in this region, along with the actual construction of buildings, contributed to greater stresses in the built environment. The study of earthquakes is not something that gets easy over time, so much so that the field was only recognized much later than it should have been. This book is written by an engineer who spent many years studying earthquakes and creating his own methods for data analysis. It's interesting because there are significant differences between the methods used today and those used at the time because of technology limitations like lack of computing power. This book does an excellent job describing what happened during the earthquake (who was killed, where they were, etc.) and how it affected Istanbul's economy. It also discusses how building construction techniques developed over time, and if they could have been implemented in Istanbul prior to the earthquake. This book is particularly important because it helped form the framework for seismic design standards that continue to be used today. The book's main focus is on how people responded to the earthquake. It discusses some of the long term recovery efforts, such as developing new building codes for different types of structures and zoning laws, and some details at a grassroots level like providing support in hospitals and churches. It also made recommendations about which buildings were most vulnerable and how these buildings could be rebuilt in a way that would make them stronger in an earthquake. cfa1e77820
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